A supernova (/ ˌ s uː p ər n oʊ v ə / plural: supernovae / ˌ s uː p ər n oʊ v iː / or supernovas, abbreviations: SN and SNe) is a transient astronomical event that occurs during the last stellar evolutionary stages of the life of a massive star, whose dramatic and catastrophic destruction is marked by one final, titanic explosion.
Artist’s concept of a supernova, or exploding star, via.A supernova is a star explosion – destructive on a scale almost beyond human imagining. If our sun exploded as a supernova, the resulting shock wave probably wouldn’t destroy the whole Earth, but the side of Earth facing the sun would boil away. Scientists estimate that the planet as a whole would increase in temperature to roughly 15 times hotter than our normal sun’s surface.
What’s more, Earth wouldn’t stay put in orbit. The sudden decrease in the sun’s mass might free the planet to wander off into space.
Clearly, the sun’s distance – 8 light-minutes away – isn’t safe. Fortunately, our sun isn’t the sort of star destined to explode as a supernova. But other stars, beyond our solar system, will. What is the closest safe distance? Scientific literature cites 50 to 100 as the closest safe distance between Earth and a supernova. Image of remnant of Supernova 1987A as seen at optical wavelengths with the Hubble Space Telescope in 2011. This supernova was the closest in centuries, and it was visible to the eye alone.
It was located on the outskirts of the Tarantula Nebula in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a satellite galaxy to our Milky Way. It was located approximately 168,000 light-years from Earth.
Image via NASA, ESA, and P. Challis (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics).What would happen if a supernova exploded near Earth? Let’s consider the explosion of a star besides our sun, but still at an unsafe distance. Say, the supernova is 30 light-years away., a senior astronomer at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics,: were a supernova to go off within about 30 light-years of us, that would lead to major effects on the Earth,. X-rays and more energetic gamma-rays from the supernova that protects us from solar ultraviolet rays.
It also could ionize nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere, leading to the formation of large amounts of smog-like nitrous oxide in the atmosphere.What’s more, if a supernova exploded within 30 light-years,. Such an event would severely deplete the base of the ocean food chain.Suppose the explosion were slightly more distant. An explosion of a nearby star might leave Earth and its surface and ocean life relatively intact. But any relatively nearby explosion would still shower us with gamma rays and other high-energy radiation. This radiation could cause mutations in earthly life.
Also, the radiation from a nearby supernova could change our climate. Relative dimensions of IK Pegasi A (left), IK Pegasi B (lower center) and our sun (right). The smallest star here is the nearest known supernova progenitor candidate, at 150 light-years away. Image via.How many potential supernovae are located closer to us than 50 to 100 light-years? The answer depends on the kind of supernova.A Type II supernova is an aging massive star that collapses.
There are no stars massive enough to do this located within 50 light-years of Earth.But there are also Type I supernovae – caused by the collapse of a small faint white dwarf star. These stars are dim and hard to find, so we can’t be sure just how many are around. There are probably a few hundred of these stars within 50 light-years.The star IK Pegasi B is the nearest known supernova progenitor candidate.
It’s part of a binary star system, located about 150 light-years from our sun and solar system.The main star in the system – IK Pegasi A – is an ordinary main sequence star, not unlike our sun. The potential Type I supernova is the other star – IK Pegasi B – a massive white dwarf that’s extremely small and dense. When the A star begins to evolve into a red giant, it’s expected to grow to a radius where the white dwarf can accrete, or take on, matter from A’s expanded gaseous envelope. When the B star gets massive enough, it might collapse on itself, in the process exploding as a supernova.
Betelgeuse imaged in ultraviolet light by the Hubble Space Telescope and subsequently enhanced by NASA. The bright white spot is likely one of this star's poles. Image via NASA/ESA.What about Betelgeuse? Another star often mentioned in the supernova story is Betelgeuse, one of the brightest stars in our sky, part of the famous constellation Orion. Betelgeuse is a supergiant star. It is intrinsically very brilliant.Such brilliance comes at a price, however.
Betelgeuse is one of the most famous stars in the sky because it’s due to explode someday. Betelgeuse’s enormous energy requires that the fuel be expended quickly (relatively, that is), and in fact Betelgeuse is now near the end of its lifetime. Someday soon (astronomically speaking), it will run out of fuel, collapse under its own weight, and then rebound in a spectacular Type II supernova explosion. When this happens, Betelgeuse will brighten enormously for a few weeks or months, perhaps as bright as the full moon and visible in broad daylight.When will it happen? Probably not in our lifetimes, but no one really knows. It could be tomorrow or a million years in the future.
When it does happen, any beings on Earth will witness a spectacular event in the night sky, but earthly life won’t be harmed. That’s because Betelgeuse is 430 light-years away. Artist’s concept of a supernova via.How often do supernovae erupt in our galaxy? No one knows. Scientists have speculated that the high-energy radiation from supernovae has already caused mutations in earthly species, maybe even human beings.One estimate suggests there might be one dangerous supernova event in Earth’s vicinity every 15 million years. Another says that, on average, a supernova explosion occurs within 10 parsecs (33 light-years) of the Earth every 240 million years. So you see we really don’t know.
But you can contrast those numbers to the few million years humans are thought to have existed on the planet – and four-and-a-half billion years for the age of Earth itself.And, if you do that, you’ll see that a supernova is certain to occur near Earth – but probably not in the foreseeable future of humanity.Bottom line: Scientific literature cites 50 to 100 light-years as the closest safe distance between Earth and a supernova.
TROUBLESHOOTING + FAQ'HELP! The game freezes when I talk to a shopkeeper!'
. This happens when you have a version mismatch on the Shop.cro file. If you're using a Drag & Drop install of the game, make sure Ultra Sun or Ultra Moon are updated to the latest version. If you're getting shop freezes while Ultra Sun or Ultra Moon are updated to the latest version, update the ROM hack by redownloading the installation package. If you're using a.3ds or.cia install, make sure Ultra Sun or Ultra Moon are not updated at all. Uninstall updates from 'Data Management' on the 3DS. If you're using a HANS install, you copied the shop.cro file into the ROMFS folder.
Re-download the hack and start over from the beginning, including re-dumping your game with Braindump and make sure you do not copy the shop.cro folder from the download pack. 'I want to randomize the game and still use the Drag & Drop install method!' . PK3DS currently requires a complete ROM file system to be present to function. This means you need to follow these instructions to play a randomized game through Drag & Drop.
Download the Expanded Build of SnS/PuM and copy the luma folder to your SD card. Follow all instructions included with the Drag & Drop. Follow the included instructions for building a CIA/3DS file.
When you reach the part where you can randomize your wild encounters, say Yes and use PK3DS to randomize them. Once you've randomized your Wild Encounters, copy /ExtractedROM/romfs/a/0/8/2 and /ExtractedROM/romfs/a/0/8/3 to the /luma/titles/16DIGITTITLEID/romfs/a/0/8 folder on your SD card.
If there is no '8' folder inside romfs/a/0, create one. For reference, the Title IDs for Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon are 1B5000 and 1B5100 respectively. Booting Ultra Sun or Ultra Moon should load Supernova Sun or Penumbra Moon with randomized wild encounters. You can now delete your dumped ROM and your ExtractedROM folder. I want to use a cheat menu or NTR plugin, but (insert tool here) breaks with this mod!'
. It's not up to me to fix these sorts of tools. The reason these tools will sometimes break with Supernova Sun / Penumbra Moon is that they aren't capable of handling Luma3DS's LayeredFS implementation. If you want to complain to someone about incompatibility, complain to the developers of the cheat menu or plugin that their tool doesn't support Luma3DS LayeredFS. If you get random crashing during the ROM hack, do what you did again without any code.bin/code.ips/NTR hacks before you come here to report a 'bug'. When using the Drag & Drop pack, the game boots as normal Ultra Sun / Ultra Moon!' .
Make sure the option 'enable game patching' is enabled in your Luma3DS configuration. Make sure you copied the luma folder from the ROM hack's install folder directly to the root of your 3DS SD card. If you're using the Title Screen to tell the difference and you are playing in a language other than English, run the NonEnglish.bat file included in the Drag & Drop pack before you copy the files to the SD. Make sure you don't have a code.bin in Ultra Sun or Ultra Moon's Title ID folder. Make sure you're using the. If you're on arm9loaderhax, to update to boot9strap so you can use the latest Luma3DS version. The process is very quick (less than five minutes) and mostly consists of downloading and placing files on the SD card.
If you want to remain on arm9loaderhax for whatever reason, update your Luma3DS to, which is the last stable version that supports a9lh. I am having trouble building a CIA/.3DS of this!' . Always instead of downloading it from some piracy site. This isn't just for moral reasons: many pirate dumps of games are trimmed, compressed, or simply not decrypted and therefore will not extract correctly.
Make sure your rom is in the correct place. It should be in the folder you downloaded with the ROM hack, in 'ExtraFiles', like. Make sure your rom is named 'rom.cia' or 'rom.3ds' before you run the AllInOne.bat or ExtractROM.bat file. You can't build a 3DS file if your dump was from a CIA.
You can build a CIA if your dump was from a 3DS file. Both the extraction and rebuilding process will throw error messages at you during the process.
Keep going until the process finishes. You need 6GB of open storage space on your main system drive to use 3DS Toolkit. You also need 3GB of available RAM to dump and rebuild the game. As a last resort, extract the ROM hack to the root of a hard drive and make sure you run the batch files as an administrator. If all else fails, just use the Drag and Drop method. Any 3DS capable of installing CIAs is also capable of updating to the latest version of Luma3DS.